Saturday, January 25, 2020
How does Criminology help our understanding of crime and criminals
How does Criminology help our understanding of crime and criminals Over the years many criminologists have been carried out research to find out how much Criminology has helped societys understanding of crime and criminals. Crime has been existent from the early days well before generations; however the punishments given to individuals and the way in which they are dealt with have changed over time. More greatly the definition of crime has changed and is continuing to change as new laws are constantly being brought into power . Criminology has been defined in a numerous of ways, some say criminology is the study of crime from a social and individual perspective. Looking at it from an educational approach Criminology has been defined as a social science, not only is it concerned with the causes and preventions of crime but the social impacts and reactions to it. As well as criminals themselves, others say that criminology is the study of the criminal justice and penal systems. Sutherland argued that the objective of Criminology is the development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding the process if law, crime and treatment of prevention ( T. Newburn (2007 ). Other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, law, anthropology and many others has also helped and influenced criminology which has helped to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. More importantly many criminologists have had their own personal definitions of criminology. For instance, Edwin Sutherland defined criminology as the study of composing laws, breaking laws, and societys reaction to these particular laws being broken. T. Newburn (2007). Criminology attempts to explain why certain situations or events are considered a crime in certain societies compared to others. This can be weighed down to the differences in definitions between cultures and societies. In some cases, crimes considered in some countries may be legal in others. E.g. homosexuality relationships is legally accepted in the United Kingdom compared to countries such as Uganda and many other countries in Africa and Asia where extreme punishments such as death sentences are applicable for such relationships. Crime happens on a day to day basis with different crimes ranging from petty crimes such as not paying for a train ticket to extreme crimes such as murder and rape. Criminology has helped our understanding of crime and criminals by firstly helping us define moments in criminal justice that have changed the system all together. Major events in the criminal system have helped us to reinforce what the system is all about. Events such as the Damilola Taylor, Jamie Bulger and Stephen Lawrence murder are just a few of the law changing events that have taken place in the UK within the last 20 years. Not only were these cases so extreme but they made immediate changes to the criminal justice system that has helped us to gain a deeper understanding of crime and the way in which the police have choosing to deal with this. By allowing society to have an opinion on these events and allowing them to follow the case through via the media. New laws and legislations were enforced. Aspects of crime such as stop and search also increased dramatically as police tried to hunt down more and more youths. According to the British Journal of Criminology In 1999, the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry heavily criticized ethnic disparities in stop and search (disproportionality), triggering a national reform effort to make the tactic fairer and more effective. Analyses of searches under core powers using up to 12 years of annual data from 38 police force areas in Eng land indicate that aggregate disparities showed no improvement following the reforms. (Miller. J 2010) Criminology includes the study of a number of different theories to suggest why crimes are committed. Some of the most popular are: classical, positivist, and individual trait. In addition to these major theories, there are many more other theories widely discussed and debated by criminologists. The classical theory of criminology suggests that people commit crimes when they perceive the benefits outweigh the possible costs. Under this theory, the logical way to prevent crimes is to provide harsher punishments for crimes. If the punishments are harsher, then criminals will not perceive the benefits to outweigh the possible consequences. This helps us to understand why some offenders commit the crimes that they do . The positivist theory of criminology suggests that crime is created by both internal and external factors outside of an individuals control. These may include biological factors or social factors. Social factors leading to criminal behaviour include such things as poverty and education. In some ways, opening up educational opportunities and employment opportunities could prevent crime, according to this theory. On the other hand the individual trait theory explains that criminals differ from non criminals on a number of biological and psychological traits. These traits cause crime in interaction with the social environment. The understanding of sociology has helped us to understand criminology and how it helps our understanding of criminals. The functionalists approach of sociology states that society is like biological organism which has sub systems that are interrelated. They all have individual purposes of being existent and believe that society is based on a value consensus. The functionalists approach states that the values are learned through the family by primary socialisation which is where the parents teach the children what is expected and tolerated by society. The breakdown of this process is the lack of family socialisation meaning the children then grow up to be unusual members of society and go against what is expected from everyone. This helps us to understand why some people result to crime as the sociological approach stated that they were not socialised accordingly. The sociological approach also helps us to understand why crime and criminals are existent and how vital it to have so th at society is able to function. Cohen, a sociologist stated that in order for society to function accordingly crime most be present as it helps to prevent further crime and also ensure that the society is running normally without crime it will be clearly aware that there is a problem. Criminal psychology also helps us to understand to crime and criminals as it is a branch of the field of psychology which focuses on criminals. Different approaches try to help us understand crime , especially criminals and why it is they partake in the crime that they do. The biological approach in psychology states that it is chemicals, genetics, intelligence and psychic functions that leads them to commit crime. For example , the study of genetics and individual differences was of interest to psychologists, as seen in the first empirical studies of intelligence (e.g. Spearman 1972) . The approach also states that the individual was born as a criminal. Other explanations such as the social explanation sates the persons social status is what is causing them to commit crime they may have been isolated. A psychologist Freud, also used his psychodynamic approach to try and explain criminal behaviour. He stated that all humans have natural drives and urges repressed in the unconscious. Furthermore, all humans have criminal tendencies. Through the process of socialization, however, these tendencies are curbed by the development of inner controls that are learned through childhood experience. Freud hypothesized that the most common element that contributed to criminal behaviour was faulty identification by a child with her or his parents. This could be said to be linked to how sociology helps us understand criminals .The improperly socialized child may develop a personality disturbance that causes her or him to direct antisocial impulses inward or outward. The child who directs them outward becomes a criminal, and the child that directs them inward becomes a neurotic. The Cognitive Development Theory also helps us to understand crime and criminals. According to this approach, criminal behaviour results from the way in which people organise their thoughts about morality and the law. In 1958, Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, formulated a theory concerning the development of moral reasoning. He claimed that there were three levels of moral reasoning, each consisting of two stages. During middle childhood, children are at the first level of moral development. At this level, the pre conventional level, moral reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. The second level, the conventional level of moral development, is reached at the end of middle childhood. The moral reasoning of individuals at this level is based on the expectations that their family and significant others have for them. Kohlberg found that the transition to the third level, the post conventional level of moral development, usually occurs during early adulthood. At this level, individuals are able to go beyond social conventions. They value the laws of the social system; however, they are open to acting as agents of change to improve the existing law and order. People who do not progress through the stages may become arrested in their moral development, and consequently become delinquents and start to commit crimes . The approaches to criminology, help us to understand crime and criminals more deeply. The Classicists Approach believe that every human has the ability to make decisions and is responsible for their individual actions. Therefore, if he or she decides to take part on behaviour that breaks the law, he or she by default is to be punished. Punishment succeeds crime is what they say. They move on to say that having penalties in the criminal justice system will help keep a control on the number of crimes, such that people due to the fear of punishment will avoid committing crimes. Classicists believe that Crime occurs when the benefits outweigh the costs. When people pursue self-interest in the absence of effective punishments. Crime is a free-willed choice. This helps us to understand criminals and the realities of crime and why they do what they do. It also equips us with practical measures to enable us to contribute and make a difference in such areas of life. It gives society the broad er picture of crime happening. Another approach to criminology is the positivists approach which tries to explain crime and criminals. According to positivists, humans react the way they do because of certain internal and external influences. These influences sometimes cause the person to lose control and take extreme decisions he or she normally would not have taken. The states that Crime is caused or determined. Lombroso placed more emphasis on biological deficiencies, whereas later scholars would emphasize psychological and sociological factors. Through the use of Victimology and victims it is possible to understand crime and criminals. The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power Offers a definition of victims: They state that victims refers to persons who, individually or collectively have suffered hurt of any shape or form this could be from physical harm, mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial of their fundamental rights . (Newburn T , 2007, p.342). Their second definition is that a person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration , regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended , prosecuted or convicted.'(Newburn T. (2007). An alternative approach developed by a criminologist Nils Christie (1986) put together characteristics in which he believed idealised a typical image of victims and offenders he named a few characteristics in which he believed that victims may have these consists of being weak these c h aracteristic are generally seen in females or the very old the sick or very young. The victim is blameless for what is happening and cannot control what is happening this helps us to understand criminals and why they choose the victims that they do. Overall crime is a socially constructed behaviour. It is what others in society see as deviating from the social norm which is then labelled as crime. This is mainly because they see this behaviour as not being acceptable by society and breaks the social norm which must therefore mean what the individual is doing is illegal. From researching and trying to find explanations it is clear that there are many ways in which criminology helps to explain crime and criminals. The different approaches and theories gives specific as well as biological and sociological explanations. It helps us to give explanations of why some criminals do what they do. as we move on in the criminal justice system there will be more and more aspects that let us know why crime and criminals exist. Criminology tries to explain why there are differences and why there are some crimes are nearly universal.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Gillette Fusion Essay
Recommendation In order to increase total sales and put Gillette Fusion on track to be a $1 billion business in the next few years, Gillette Fusion should launch a new advertising campaign and reduce cartridge package prices by 20% with the introduction of a onetime coupon. Explanation The media’s reaction to the â€Å"blockbuster†advertisement campaign highlights many of the campaign’s flaws. The campaign focused on the product features rather than its benefits. Due to the ad’s product focus, Gillette failed to communicate why the additional blades and elastomer handle coating improved the quality of consumer’s shave. The proposed advertising campaign would address these flaws and focus on the customer experience. In order to educate consumers, Gillette should employ a mass media campaign similar to Pepsi’s â€Å"Pepsi Challenge.†This campaign will include blindfolded individuals testing and comparing the Gillette Fusion with several other razors, and will be hosted by a celebrity who shares similar brand qualities as the Fusion. The celebrity will be young, sleek and innovative, like Ashton Kutcher or Dwayne Wade. †¢TV Advertisement: The television advertisements will include a short introduction by the celebrity and clips of customers who have taken the challenge describing why the Gillette Fusion is superior to its competitors. It should be featured during male-focused programing, like sporting events and adult comedies. †¢Print Advertisement: The print advertisement will feature a picture of the celebrity next to the razor and several quotes from individuals who have taken the challenge. It should be featured in men’s style magazines (GQ), music magazines (Rolling Stone) and sports magazines (ESPN, Sports Illustrated). †¢Radio Advertisement: The radio advertisement will begin with an introduction by the celebrity describing why he prefers the Gillette Fusion and then transition to reviews by those who have taken the challenge ( i.e. â€Å"The Gillette Fusion is incredible because †¦ If you don’t believe me, hear what people who have taken the challenge have to say for themselves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). It should be featured during adult talk shows (Howard Stern Show) and sports programming. In order to encourage users to purchase the product, Gillette should offer a 20% discount on cartridges with the introduction of a one time coupon. Because 64% of men look at the price of the cartridge before purchasing the corresponding razor, introducing a 20% discount with a onetime coupon will encourage those consumers weary of the high cartridge prices to purchase the razor. Once purchasing and using the razor, it is likely that the consumer will notice a significant difference in the quality of shave, and be willing to pay a higher price for the superior product. This is supported by the fact that of the 9,000 men who tested the new razor, Fusion was preferred 2 to 1 over the competition. For the few who would usually not be willing to pay the higher price for the cartridges, they will likely continue to purchase the cartridges because of the switching costs associated with purchasing a new razor. The coupon should be displayed at points of purchase and in direct mail outs. The former can be achieved by providing collaborators with display allowance. Alternative Strategies Unlike the proposed strategy, each of the alternative strategies fails to simultaneously communicate the effectiveness of the product and encourage customers weary of the price to purchase the product. †¢Lowering the retail price of the razor – This will not encourage customers to purchase the product because (a) 64% of consumers look at the cartridge price before purchasing a razor and (b) a razor is a one-time cost to consumers, with a less elasticity of demand than cartridges. Also, without a new advertising campaign, they also will continue not to understand why the product is superior, and more expensive, than its competitors. †¢Reducing cartridge package prices by changing cartridge package size. Reducing the current four cartridge package with three cartridge packages is only effective if consumers fail to register the difference in package size because the price per cartridge will actually increase. Moreover, this strategy fails to educate consumers on why the product is superior, and more expensive, than its competitors.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
The Remote Past Tense in Italian
The remote past tense (passato remoto), although typically used to talk about history or in literature, is actually a simple tense and is formed by one word. In general, as we referenced, it refers to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the speaker. However, there are many places in the south of Italy that still use the remote past tense as the passato prossimo. For example, someone might use the past remote tense to talk about something that happened just two weeks ago. How to Form the Past Remote Tense Follow this format to form the passato remoto of regular verbs: For -are verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add one of these personal endings to the root: -ai, -asti, -à ², -ammo, -aste, -arono.For -ere verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ei, -esti, -à ©, -emmo, -este, -erono. Note that many regular -ere verbs have an alternative form in the first person singular, third person singular, and third person plural forms.For -ire verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ii, -isti, -à , -immo, -iste, -irono. Here are a few examples of how the remote past is used in Italian: Dante si rifugià ² a Ravenna. - Dante took refuge in Ravenna.Petrarca morà ¬ nel 1374. - Petrarca died in 1374.Michelangelo nacque nel 1475. - Michelangelo was born in 1475. The table below provides examples of three regular Italian verbs (one of each class) conjugated in the remote past tense. Conjugating Italian Verbs in the Remote Past Tense PARLARE RICEVERE CAPIRE io parlai ricevei (ricevetti) capii tu parlasti ricevesti capisti lui, lei, Lei parl ricev (ricevette) cap noi parlammo ricevemmo capimmo voi parlaste riceveste capiste loro, Loro parlarono riceverono (ricevettero) capirono Irregular Verbs in the Past Remote Tense Like with most verbs in Italian, there are plenty of irregular ones in the past remote tense. Here are five common verbs. 1) Essere – To be fui                   fummo fosti                foste fu                    furono  Albert Einstein fu un uomo di grande saggezza. – Albert Einstein was a man of great wisdom.  â€Å"Fatti non foste per viver come bruti†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - â€Å"Consider your origins: You were not born to live like brutes. [Dante, La Divina Commedia, canto XXVI) 2) Avere – To have ebbi               avemmo avesti            aveste ebbe              ebbero  Ebbero cosà ¬ tanta fortuna da vincere persino il primo premio della lotteria nazionale! - They had such luck that they also won the first prize of the National Lottery!  Giulia ebbe il coraggio di donare un rene a sua sorella. - Giulia had the courage to donate a kidney to her sister. 3) Fare – To do/make feci                 facemmo facesti           faceste fece               fecero  Con pochi soldi fecero un matrimonio bellissimo. – They set up a beautiful wedding with little money.  Facemmo tutto il possibile per riportare alla luce l’affresco di Raffaello. - We did everything possible to bring to light Raffaello’s fresco. 4) Stare – To stay/to be stetti              stemmo stesti             steste stette             stettero  Mi ricordo che stetti in silenzio tutta la festa. Ero troppo timida! - I remember I spent the whole party without saying a word. I was too shy!  I feriti, dopo la scoperta della penicillina nel 1937, stettero subito meglio. - The wounded felt immediately better after the discovery of penicillin in 1937. 5) Dire – To say dissi              dicemmo dicesti           diceste disse             dissero  Cimabue disse: â€Å"L’allievo ha superato il maestro.†– Cimabue said: â€Å"The pupil has surpassed the teacher.† Romeo e Giulietta si dissero parole d’amore che sono arrivate fino ai nostri tempi! - Romeo and Juliet said words of love to each other that have persisted until the present!
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Definition and Examples of Tense Shifts in English
In English grammar, tense shift refers to the change from one verb tense to another (usually from past to present, or vice versa) within a sentence or paragraph. A writer may temporarily shift from past tense to present tense in order to enhance the vividness of a narrative account. In prescriptive grammar, writers are cautioned to avoid unnecessary shifts in tense. Unmotivated shifts between present and past may obscure meaning and confuse readers. Examples and Observations The bridge was still open then, and I was up there one day mowing the grass alongside the road, just minding my own business, when I see something moving out of the corner of my eye. â€â€C.J. Fisher, The Legend of Diadamia. AuthorHouse, 2005Staring rigidly up at it, Justin is listening to her joyous protestations at his right side. Dizzy from travel, laden with last-minute hand luggage, the two of them have minutes earlier arrived here from London for the first time. â€â€John le Carrà ©, The Constant Gardener. Hodder Stoughton, 2001 Gliding From One Tense to Another It is possible to glide from one tense to another in the course of one sentence, but the key to doing it is always to be in control, to know what you are doing, what effect you are hoping to achieve. In The Literary Review (February 2006), Francis King comments with admiration on how D.J. Taylor in his novel Kept frequently shifts gears from past tense to present to tauten a scene. And in an essay Glitches (Granta 27), John Gregory Dunne writes: Off the road there was what appeared to be a reviewing stand, and I sat there for a few moments, taking in the museum and the cold blue Sunday sky, taking stock, what to do, what to do next, Id really hate to cancel dinner tonight . . . Im breathing normally now, its OK A-OK, I wont even tell my wife, nor Tim, especially not Tim, I feel fit as a fiddle now. He wasnt though, but thats another story, told by his wife, Joan Didion, in The Year of Magical Thinking. Just notice the tense shift. â€â€Carmel Bird, Writing The Story Of Your Life. HarperCollins, 2007 The Effect of Tense Shift in A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities [by Charles Dickens] has a tense shift at a great moment of the story. After the trial and after Sydney Carton has taken the place of Charles Darnay in jail, the drugged Darnay and his family are fleeing in the stagecoach from Paris. Suddenly we find that the story is in the present tense. This adds vividness and excitement and here marks a peak which encodes part of the notional structure denouement of the story. â€â€Robert E. Longacre, The Grammar of Discourse, 2nd ed. Plenum Press, 1996 Legitimate Tense Shifts Sometimes writers shift from past to present tense when telling a story to add vividness to the events. This legitimate tense shift is a literary device called the historical present. It is familiar to readers of epic poetry, but people also use it when relating everyday anecdotes: I was walking down Delancey Street the other day when a guy comes up to me and asks me for the time. â€â€(The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin, 2005) Usage Tips: Avoiding Needless Tense Shifts What is an example of an unmotivated shift in tense in writing? One example is starting a story in past tense and suddenly shifting into present tense:Last week I was walking along a street when this man walks up to me and says . . .We do this in speech all the time, but in formal writing its considered to be an error. â€â€Edward L. Smith and Stephen A. Bernhardt, Writing At Work: Professional Writing Skills for People on the Job. NTC Publishing, 1997)Tense places the action of the verb in time: Today I go. Yesterday I went. Tomorrow I will go. Different verbs in a sentence or paragraph may logically use different tenses to reflect actions at different times.We will play tennis before we eat breakfast but after we have had our coffee.The tense you select to describe most of the actions in your paper is called the governing tense. Once you establish it, do not use another tense without a good reason. . . .The literary present tense is used to describe literature or art. If you use it, do so consistently. â€â€Toby Fulwiler and Alan R. Hayakawa, The Blair Handbook. Prentice Hall, 2003It is common practice to analyze literary works in present tense. Thus, you would write, Pearl is a difficult child rather than Pearl was a difficult child in an analysis of Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. If you are quoting a critic who has used a past tense verb in a particular sentence, you may change the tense of the critics verb by typing the tense you wish to use in square brackets. This bracketed change of tense avoids an awkward verb tense shift in your text.As a general rule of thumb, however, avoid changing the tense of verbs in the text of a literary work you are analyzing. â€â€Linda Smoak Schwartz, The Wadsworth Guide to MLA Documentation, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2011
Monday, December 23, 2019
Literature Review †Realistic Job Previews - 2053 Words
Literature Review – Realistic Job Previews Prior to the commencement of any occupation, every potential employee will want to know what jobs/duties they will be expected to undertake. However, how much information should potential employees have and to what degree does giving a realistic job preview translate into staff retention/profit to the business. This literature review will firstly look at what a realistic job preview is and its associated benefits. Secondly, examine some tests that have been conducted to justify its use. Thirdly, analyse issues regarding employee attraction. Fourthly, evaluate what variables affect realistic job previews. Lastly assess how realistic job previews should be administered for the greatest success. A†¦show more content†¦Secondly, as Ilgen and Seely (1974); Dean and Wanous (1984) discussed, another reason why RJP’s reduce turnover is by improving the way a new employee copes on the job, and thus reduces stress. The hypothesis is, â€Å"if employees are made aware of problems to be faced on the job, they cope with such problems better when they arise, either because they are less disturbed by problems about which they have been forewarned or because they may pre rehearse methods of handling these problems.†The last theory of why RJP reduces turnover is as Dugoni and Ilgen (1981) explains ‘the organisation is forming a sense of honesty and openness to create trust within the recipient.’ This in turn will create a sense of attractiveness to the employee and subsequently they will not be as likely to leave the organisation. Whilst there is evidence that realistic job previews can help the long term success of an organisation through reduced staff turnover, there can be downsides if undertaken in an incorrect manor. For example Bretz and Judge (1998) looked at aspects of applicant attraction. ‘This included the weight prospective employees place on negative information in comparison to other factors such as pay level, promotional opportunity and whether the â€Å"best†applicants react differently to negative information, in comparison to otherShow MoreRelatedNursing Turnover Costs And Its Prevention1530 Words  | 7 Pages2001). As a nurse manager, it is essential that efforts be made to slow the turnover rate in order to effectively stave off the negative effects on the organization as a whole. One way to combat the increase of turnover is by implementing a realistic job preview [RJP] as part of the recruitment process. A RJP is a program that is backed by evidence-based research and used as a human resource tool to support transition of staff into roles of employment with the hopes of retention (Gilmartin, AponteRead MoreBreaugh Starke (2000)15890 Words  | 64 PagesOver the last thirty years, the amount of research on recruitment topics has increased dramatically. Despite this increase, recent reviews of the recruitment literature often have had a somewhat pessimistic tone. Reviewers have concluded that we still do not know a great deal about why recruitment activities have the effects they do. In particular, recent reviews have criticized many of the studies conducted for being poorly designed, narrow in focus, and not grounded in theory. We believeRead MoreImpact of Employee Turnover on Sustainable Growth of Organization in Computer Graphics Sector of Karachi, Pakistan Fahad Abdali Director, South Asian Resources Group, Karachi – Pakistan7979 Words  | 32 PagesBluedorn 1982). On the other hand, many other researchers found that organization gets benefit due to fresh blood and innovative thinking and also increases the motivational level of employees that bring to a new job (Abelson and Baysinger 1984, Mowday et al. 1982). Literature review and hypotheses Employee turnover may be classified into five categories a) Functional Vs Dysfunctional Turnover: Functional turnover can be defined as â€Å"A turnover in which poor performers leave†while DysfunctionalRead MoreLiterature on Recruitment1173 Words  | 5 Pagesâ€Å"A STUDY ON REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN RECRUITMENT PROCESS†1.Ours and Ridder (1992) introduced a novel method to test the hypothesis that firms search sequentially based (in which applicants are screened as they show up) on the relationship between the number of (rejected) job applicants and the number of employees hired. The author used data compiled from filled vacancies for the Netherlands. Different types of search methods were distinguished. 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The weaknesses of a decontextualized propagation of ‘best practices’ in the management literature were identified by Legge (1978) in her critique of what was then known as Personnel Management. She showed how Personnel Management textbooks commonly failed to analyse the goals of management and to recognize differences in the interests of managersRead MoreThe Relative Impact of Recruitment/Selection, Training, and Development for Organizational Effectiveness5372 Words  | 22 Pagesorganizational effectiveness. First, recruitment and selection is discu ssed. Job analysis is very important in the selection process because it provides a realistic job preview and it identifies relevant traits and abilities needed for the job. Furthermore, predictive validity of several selection methods are discussed from which work samples, GMA, tests, and structured interviews are appeared to be the best predictors of future job performance. Second, the impact of training on organizational effectivenessRead MoreApplicant Attraction Strategies an Organizational Perspective10212 Words  | 41 Pagesfrom the applicant s, rather than the organization s, perspective. In addition, attraction-related theories and research are scattered across a variety of literatures, and often identified primarily with topics other than attraction per se (e.g., wage, motivation, or discrimination theories). The present paper draws on multiple literatures to develop a model of applicant attraction from the organization s perspective. In it, we (1) outline three general strategies for enhancing applicant attractionRead MoreRecruitment Term Paper4784 Words  | 20 Pages_______________________________________Page Introduction..................................................................01 Methodology...............................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..........02 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....03 Discussion Analysis Basic Questions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.07 Top Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.09 Middle Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....11 Bottom Line People†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 __ ___________________ _____Read MoreApplying Equity Theory to Staff Working with Individuals with Intellectual9188 Words  | 37 PagesJournal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, March 2009; 34(1): 55–66 LITERATURE REVIEW Applying equity theory to staff working with individuals with intellectual disabilities* PHILIP DISLEY1, CHRIS HATTON1 DAVE DAGNAN2 1 Lancaster University, UK and 2West Cumberland Hospital, Whitehaven, Cumbria, UK Abstract Background This paper provides an overview of the empirical research on equity theory amongst staff working in services for individuals with intellectual disabilities
Sunday, December 15, 2019
The Return Midnight Chapter 1 Free Essays
â€Å"Dear Diary, I’m so frightened I can hardly hold this pen. I’m printing rather than writing in cursive, because that way I have more control. What am I terrified of, you ask? And when I say â€Å"of Damon†you don’t believe the answer, not if you’d seen the two of us a few days ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But to understand, you have to know a few facts. Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"Al bets are off†? It means that anything, anything, can happen. So that even somebody who figures out odds and takes bets from people gives them back their money. Because a wild card has entered the situation. You can’t even figure the odds to take a bet. That’s where I am. That’s why my heart is pounding in my throat and head and ears and fingertips in fear. Al bets are off. You can see how shaky even my printing is. Suppose my hands shake like this when I go in to see him? I might drop the tray. I might annoy Damon. And then anything might happen. I’m not explaining this right. What I should be saying is that we’re back: Damon and Meredith and Bonnie and me. We went to the Dark Dimension and now we’re home again, with a star ball – and Stefan. Stefan was tricked into going there by Shinichi and Misao, the brother and sister kitsune, or evil fox-spirits, who told him that if he went to the Dark Dimension he could get the curse of being a vampire removed and become human again. They lied. All they did was leave him in a stinking prison, with no food, no light, no warmth†¦until he was at the point of death. But Damon – who was so different back then – agreed to lead us to try to find him. And, oh, I can’t even begin to describe the Dark Dimension itself. But the important thing is that we finally found Stefan, and that by then we’d found the Twin Fox key we needed to release him. But – he was a skeleton, poor boy. We carried him out of the prison on his pallet, which later Matt burned; it was so infested with creepy-crawlies. But that night we gave him a bath and put him to bed†¦and then we fed him. Yes, with our blood. All the humans did it except Mrs. Flowers, who was busy making poultices for where his poor bones were almost sticking out of his skin. They had starved him to that point! I could kill Them with my own hands – or my Wings Powers – if only I could use them properly. But I can’t. I know there is a spell for Wings of Destruction, but I have no idea how to summon it. At least I got to see how Stefan blossomed when being fed with human blood. (I admit that I gave him a few extra feedings that weren’t on his chart, and I’d have to be an idiot not to know that my blood is different from other people’s – it’s much richer and it did Stefan amazing amounts of good.) And so Stefan recovered enough that the next morning he was able to walk downstairs to thank Mrs. Flowers for her potions! The rest of us, though – all the humans – were totally exhausted. We didn’t even think about what had happened to the bouquet, because we didn’t know it had anything special in it. We’d gotten it just as we were leaving the Dark Dimension, from a kind white kitsune who’d been in the cell across from Stefan’s before we arranged a jailbreak. He was so beautiful! I never knew a kitsune could be kind. But he had given Stefan these flowers. Anyway, that morning Damon was up. Of course, he couldn’t contribute any of his own blood, but I honestly think he would have, if he could. That was the way he was back then. And that’s why I don’t understand how I can feel the fear I feel now. How can you be terrified of someone who’s kissed you and kissed you†¦and called you his darling and his sweetheart and his princess? And who has laughed with you with his eyes dancing with mischief? And who’s held you when you were frightened, and told you there was nothing to be afraid of, not while he was there? Someone you only had to glance at to know what he was thinking? Someone who has protected you, no matter what the cost to himself, for days on end? I know Damon. I know his faults, but I also know what he’s like inside. And he’s not what he wants people to think he is. He’s not cold, or arrogant, or cruel. Those are fa?ades he puts on to cover himself, like clothes. The problem is that I’m not sure he knows he isn’t any of these things. And right now he’s all mixed-up. He might change and become all of them – because he’s so confused. What I’m trying to say is, that morning only Damon was really awake. He was the only one who saw the bouquet. And one of the things Damon definitely is, is curious. So he unwrapped all the magical wards from it and it had a single pitch-black rose in the center. Damon has been trying to find a black rose for years, just to admire it, I think. But when he saw this one he smelled it†¦and boom! The rose disappeared! And suddenly he was sick and dizzy and he couldn’t smell anything and all his other senses were dulled as well. That was when Sage – oh, I haven’t even mentioned Sage, but he’s a tall bronze gorgeous hunk of a vampire who’s been such a good friend to all of us – told him to suck in air and to hold it, to push it down into his lungs. Humans have to breathe that way, you see. I don’t know how long it took Damon to realize that he really was a human, no joke, nothing anyone could do about it. The black rose had been for Stefan; and it would have given him his dream of being human again. But when Damon realized it had worked its magic on him†¦ That’s when I saw him look at me and lump me in with the rest of my species – a species he’s come to hate and scorn. Since then I haven’t dared look him in the eye again. I know he loved me just days ago. I didn’t know that love could turn to – well, to all the things he feels now about himself. You’d think it would be easy for Damon to become a vampire again. But he wants to be as powerful a vampire as he used to be – and there isn’t anyone like that to exchange blood with him. Even Sage disappeared before Damon could ask him. So Damon is stuck like this until he finds some strong, powerful, and prestigious vampire to go through the whole process of changing him. And every time I look into Stefan’s eyes, those jewel-green eyes that are warm with trust and gratitude – I feel terror, too. Terror that somehow he’ll be snatched away again – right out of my arms. And†¦terror that he’ll find out how I’ve come to feel about Damon. I hadn’t even realized myself how much Damon has come to mean to me. And I can’t†¦ stop†¦my feeling†¦for him, even if he hates me now. And, yes, damn it, I’m crying! In a minute, I have to go take him his dinner. He must be starving, but when Matt tried to take him something earlier today, Damon threw the whole tray at him. Oh, please, God, please don’t let him hate me! I’m being selfish, I know, in just talking about what’s going on with Damon and me. I mean, things in Fell’s Church are worse than ever. Every day more children become possessed and terrify their parents. Every day, parents get angrier with their possessed children. I don’t even want to think about what’s going on. If something doesn’t change, the whole place will be destroyed like the last town Shinichi and Misao visited. Shinichi†¦he made a lot of predictions about our group, about things we’ve kept secret from the others. But the truth is, I don’t know if I want to hear any of his riddles solved. We’re lucky in one way. We have the Saitou family to help us. You remember Isobel Saitou, who pierced herself so horribly while she was possessed? Since she’s gotten better, she’s become a good friend, and her mother, Mrs. Saitou, and her grandmother, Obaasan, too. They give us amulets – spells to keep evil away, written on Post-it Notes or little cards. We’re so grateful for that kind of help. Someday maybe we can repay them all. Elena Gilbert put down the pen reluctantly. Shutting her diary meant having to face the things she had been writing about. Somehow, though, she managed to make herself walk downstairs to the kitchen and take the dinner tray from Mrs. Flowers, who smiled encouragingly at her. As she set out for the boardinghouse’s storage room, she noticed that her hands were trembling so that the entire tray of food she was carrying jingled. Since there was no access to the storage room from inside, anyone who wanted to see Damon had to go out the front door and around to the addition tacked on near the kitchen garden. Damon’s lair, people were cal ing it now. As she passed the garden Elena glanced sideways at the hole in the middle of the angelica patch that was the powered-down Gateway where they’d come back from the Dark Dimension. She hesitated at the storage room door. She was stil trembling, and she knew that was not the right way to face Damon. Just relax, she told herself. Think of Stefan. Stefan had had a grim setback when he’d found that there was nothing left of the rose, but he had soon recovered his usual humility and grace, touching Elena’s cheek and saying that he was thankful just to be there with her. That this closeness was al he asked of life. Clean clothes, decent food – freedom – al these were worth fighting for, but Elena was the most important. And Elena had cried. On the other hand, she knew that Damon had no intention of remaining as he now was. He might do anything, risk anything†¦to change himself back. It had actual y been Matt who had suggested the star bal as a solution for Damon’s condition. Matt hadn’t understood either the rose or the star bal until it was explained that this star bal , which was probably Misao’s, contained within it most or al of her Power, and that it had become more bril iant as it absorbed the lives that she took. The black rose had probably been created with a liquid from a similar star bal – but no one knew how much or whether it was combined with unknown ingredients. Matt had frowned and asked, if the rose could change a vampire to a human, could a star bal change a human to a vampire? Elena hadn’t been the only one to see the slow rising of Damon’s bent head, and the glimmer in his eyes as they traveled the length of the room to the star bal fil ed with Power. Elena could practical y hear his logic. Matt might be total y off track†¦but there was one place a human could be sure to find powerful vampires. In the Dark Dimension – to which there was a Gateway in the boardinghouse’s garden. The Gateway was closed right now†¦for lack of Power. Unlike Stefan, Damon would have absolutely no qualms about what would happen if he had to use al the star bal ‘s liquid, which would result in the death of Misao. After al , she was one of the two foxes who had abandoned Stefan to be tortured. So all bets were off. Okay, you’re scared; now deal with it, Elena told herself fiercely. Damon’s been in that room for almost fifty hours now and who knows what he’s been plotting to do to get hold of the star bal . Stil , somebody’s got to get him to eat – and when you say â€Å"somebody,†face it, it’s you. Elena had been standing at the door so long that her knees were starting to lock. She took a deep breath and knocked. There was no answer, and no light went on inside. Damon was human. It was quite dark outside now. â€Å"Damon?†It was meant to be a cal . It came out a whisper. No answer. No light. Elena swal owed. He had to be in there. Elena knocked harder. Nothing. Final y, she tried the knob. To her horror it was unlocked, and it swung open to reveal an interior as dark as the night around Elena, like the maw of a pit. The fine hairs at the back of Elena’s neck were standing up. â€Å"Damon, I’m coming in,†she managed in a bare whisper, as if to convince herself by her quietness that there was nobody there. â€Å"I’l be silhouetted against the very edge of the porch light. I can’t see anything, so you have al the advantages. I’m carrying a tray with very hot coffee, cookies, and steak tartar, no seasonings. You should be able to smel the coffee.†It was odd, though. Elena’s senses told her that there was no one standing directly in front of her, waiting for her to literal y run into him. Al right, she thought. Start with baby steps. Step one. Step two. Step three – I must be wel into the room now, but it’s stil too dim to see anything. Step four†¦ A strong arm came out of the darkness and locked in an iron grip around her waist, and a knife pressed against her throat. Elena saw blackness shot with a sudden gray network, after which the dark closed in overwhelmingly. How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 1, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Relationship Between Ethnicity and Fear of Crime
Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Ethnicity and Fear of Crime. Answer: Introduction The ethnic composition within England and Wales has changed enormously over the past 20 years with there being and increase in ethnic diversity. London was discovered to be the most ethnically diverse area while Wales was the least diverse (Office for National Statistics, 2012). This change is has been viewed as advantageous as it promotes cross-cultures and an acceptance to different forms of cultures which would consecutively result in a multicultural society that could benefit from one another (Stillwell, 2010). However, not everyone feels the same way in this shift in ethnic composition in the country. Some have argued that this has allowed for racial segregation to take place, where communities are broken down based on their ethnical origin and creating distinct boundaries where greater amounts of ethnic minorities occupy certain areas of the city or country. Research carried out has found there to be no impact when the fear of crime is being compared over ethnic composition of place, while relevant factors such as gender, age, income and experience as a victim are being controlled. However, one of the main findings of the research was that when there is a majority of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) groups living in a particular area, individuals from White ethnic groups were found to have a greater fear in being a victim of crime. Previous research carried out has also reported that there are different factors which affect an individuals fear towards being a victim of crime. For example, the locality of where the individual resides could be a contributing factor towards the fear of being a victim of crime. According to Belyea Zingraff (1988) those who lived within an urban environment had a higher fear of being victims of crime as compared to those who resided within the rural areas. To investigate the relationship between fear of crime and ethnicity, this research explored the following two questions: Are there significant differences between White ethnic individuals and individuals belonging to Black and minority ethnic groups regarding their fear of crime? Apart from ethnicity, does locality, age or previous experiences of crime play as a contributing factor to an individuals fear of crime? Methodology Generally, ethnicity and racism are some of the most frequent characteristics of a person that will be feature in the legal and justice systems. However, the minority groups in any region will feel so insecure and therefore will have more fear for crime than the group that entails the majority. This is simply because they will feel that they have very few people to support them or to make them feel like they belong (Butler, 2011). Also, being a person of color in a place where there are more white people makes one feel lonely and odd one out and therefore insecurity which leads to increased fear for crime. When we considered age as a factor that affects fear for crime, it shows that the women and the younger people in the BME face more fear than those of the majority ethnicity. To add to that, even the elderly women and men have a high probability of feeling less secure when they are alone or when surrounded by a majority of people from a different ethnic group. Furthermore, when we relate the residential area of a person and the level of fear they have for crime, the data showed that the people who lived in the urban areas are more likely going to feel more fear than those living in the rural areas. The reason is because in the urban areas, there are more crowded people whereby some of them may be idle, people dont know each other at all and therefore the chances of crime happening are high while in the rural areas most people know each other, are used to staying with each other and therefore no high chances of hurting the other (Stillwell, 2010). Looking at the income level of a person, those people that earn more than others or those that have more money than other are likely to experience more fear of crime. This is because, since they have a lot of money they want to protect it from either being stolen or getting lost. Also they are in more danger of being attacked by thieves than those without money. For this reason, most of them usually have bodyguards or carry weapons with them for protection. Otherwise, they may prefer storing their cash in the banks or investing it in projects and business deals but that does not change the fact that they are rich and can be attacked at any time. On the other hand, the poor people who do not high incomes face less fear because they know and are sure that no one will attack them to get money. However, in case they are attacked then the attackers may have wasted their energy and time because they may not get money on them. This therefore is a clear indication that the more money one has the more the fear for crime they will have and vice versa. Studies have also shown that the difference in gender is a main factor that affects the level of fear for crime in general. When it comes to gender, the females are likely to experience more of crime than the males (Neuman, 2010). This is simply because in many past reports on crime cases, the females have always been subjects of violation and mistreatment especially by the males. E.g. the household cases, the women are frequent the victims for such cases and therefore leading to increase in fear for crime even outside their homesteads. Additionally, when it comes to the fact that a woman is black, poor and young there are high chances of them being victims of crimes and therefore causes them to have more fear. However, it is argued that the reasons why most people face fear when it comes to crime is because of their social status and their view on the social class of those surrounding them. In other words, fear for crime is basically caused by the social differences between people. When people become more sensitive to their social class differences they are likely going to experience the fear of insecurity and loneliness (Jansson, 2016). Therefore it is advisable that people to not concentrate so much on their social status and let themselves be in order to reduce the risks and fear for crimes Sources of Research Data For the collection of data, I used the secondary sources for data collection which means that I would have the same results as those of the researcher before me. The data that was used is the data found in the official documentation of the country. This is simply because this data is likely to contain more details on the research and the fact that it is updated year after year make it a good source of idea and knowledge on the topic. In addition to that, this official data was used also because of the fact that it gives deeper and understandable details on the factors that may affect crime rate like employment, unemployment, level of incomes to name just but a few factors. Studies have shown that, these factors may cause either a decrease or an increase in the crime rates either in relation to ethnicity or residential areas. The people who are unemployed will opt to involve themselves in crimes so that they can get money (Callanan et al, 2015). This means they are likely going to att ack the employed, those with high income levels and living in good residential areas. However, this kind of data should not be relied upon so much simply because it was made by people with certain reasons of their own. In most cases, these information is usually meant for political reasons and therefore will seem to favor the team doing the research rather than give the true facts about the research (Rosenstiel et al, 2011). This means that there is always a likely wood of the researchers assuming some information and doing guess work to foster their agendas.in addition to that, in most cases these kind of data is never valid. This is because it is likely going to represent false information rather than the true status of the situation. The reason for the data not being valid is because of the many channels that are involved in the rectification of a crime which involves the police reports, investigations and lastly the court or justice systems (Kohm et al, 2012). However, not many crime that are reported that pass through all the process and therefore the research te am may need to justify their research by tampering with the results to suite their agendas. Data Collection Methods The results for this research are completely based on the data provided by the National Statistics in the year 2013. The results showed a detailed information on the analysis of the Crime Survey for both England and Wales (CSEW) between the years 2012 and 2013. Studies have shown that the CSEW collected data by conducting a face to face interview in their own homes with the 4600 households as the respondents. By doing this, they faced some challenges especially because they used individual variables. This meant that they were to place or group every respondent either according to gender, age, culture and most importantly ethnicity. This is simply because the research that they were conducting was in relation to the ethnicity group of a person and their fear of crime. In other words, how the ethnic group of a person may affect their fear for crime. For this reason, the CSEW decide to group the ethnic groups of the respondents into two main groups according to the population that was available for study. The groups included the following: White and Black Minority Ethnic Group (BME). However the black category of ethnic group was considered to be a color of mixture i.e. black and any other color e.g. Black or Black British, Asian or Asian British and Chinese or other. In this research, the CSEW used other different variables that they thought would have an effect on the respondents for fear of crime. Therefore, apart from ethnicity of the respondent, age, residential area and crime experience with the last one year. These variable are the ones that helped CSEW to collect data on the relationship between ethnicity group and fear for crime. However, the research team faced some challenges during the collection of the data like some respondents gave false information while others didnt want to be questioned, the process was costly. To get the probability rates for every variable, the SPSS Model was used and the Chi-square test was done. However, the data was presented in tables clearly and can be easily understood. I used the frequency tables to describe the data. The cross-tabulation represents the data form two variable but put together in table form. Findings/Results From the analysis of CSEW, 7.7% of the respondents were very much worried in their fear for crime while 24% were fairly worried. Additionally, 54% claimed that they were not very worried about experiencing crime and 16% showed that they were not at all worried about experiencing crimes. When it came to ethnicity, the analysis showed that 88% of the respondents were white, 7% Asian or Asian British, 3% represented those who were Black or Black British while the rest of the percentage, 2% represented the Chinese and other. The analysis also showed that there is a significant relationship between ethnicity and fear for crime in England and Wales in general. To be precise, the results showed that 55% of the Black Minority Ethnicity faces or feels more fear for crime than the whites who showed only 28.5%. When we consider the relationship between ethnicity and fear for crime, there are certain differences and especially when it comes to residential areas. The analysis showed that 97% of the BME groups live in the urban areas compared to the 3% of whites. However, 78.5% of whites live in the rural areas while 21.5% of the BME groups live there. Findings for residential area and fear for crime, 34% of those living in urban areas were worried compared to 23% of those living in rural areas. Comparing ethnicity and residential areas, 56% represented BMEs who were worried and lived in urban areas while 30% represented the whites. 44 % of those living in rural areas and had great fear for crime were BMEs while 23% were whites. When the analysis of population in relation to age was done, itshowed that 71% of the old or 35+ years are white and 53% were BMEs. In relation to age and fear for crime 33% was for the young (16-35years) and 31% was for the old. Considering ethnicity and fear for crime the BMEs were represented by 52.5% while the whiles were represented by 29%. Comparing the ethnicity verses age in relation to fear for crime, the BMEs had 58% representation and the whites had 28% representation. Looking at the relationship between the experience for crime and ethnicity in relation to fear for crime 79% of whites and 78% of BMEs were represented. The analysis shows that 42% of those experienced crime had more fear for crime than 30% of those who had not experienced. 52% of BMEs who had not experienced crime were more worried of experiencing crime than 26% of whites. Conclusion The report has showed the relationships between ethnicity and fear for crime very clearly. Also it has shown the relationship between other factors and the fear for crime. It is therefore evident that all these factors have a great effect on people and their fear for crime in their own ways. References Belyea, M., J. Zingraff, M., T. (1988). Fear of Crime and Residential Location. Rural Sociology. 53(4), pp.473-486. Bryman, A. (2010) Social Research Methods (4th Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chiricos, T., Hogan, M. and Gertz, M. (1997) Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Fear of Crime. Criminology. 35(1), pp. 107-132. Covington, J., Taylor, R., B. (1991) Fear of Crime in Urban Residential Neighborhoods: Implications of Between-and Within-Neighborhood Sources for Current Models. The Sociological Quarterly. [online]. 32(2), pp.231-249. [accessed 28th December 2016]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00355.x/epdf De Vaus, D., A. (1995). Surveys in social research. (4th Edition). London: Allen Unwin. Help the Aged. (2006) Crime and Fear of Crime. [online]. [accessed 2nd January 2017]. Available from: https://www.ageuk.org.uk/documents/en-gb/for-professionals/communities-and-inclusion/crime_and_fear_of_crime_2006_pro.pdf?dtrk=true Jansson, K. British Crime Survey Measuring crime for 25 years. [online]. London: HMSO. [accessed 20th December 2016]. Available from: https://vlebb.leeds.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-4344689-dt-content-rid-7861430_2/courses/201617_7390_SLSP2010/bcs25.pdf King-Hele, S. Office for National Statistics, University of Manchester. Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research. UK Data Service(2013). Crime Survey for England and Wales, 2011-2012: Teaching Dataset. [data collection]. 2nd Edition. Office for National Statistics [original data producer(s)]. UK Data Service. SN: 7401, https://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7401-1 Lai, Y. L., Ren, L. Greenleaf, R. (2016). Residence-Based Fear of Crime: A Routine Activities Approach. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. [online]. 61(3), pp.1-27. [accessed 3rd January 2017]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0306624X15625054 Matthews, B. Ross, L. (2010) Research Methods: A Practical guide for the social sciences. Harlow: Pearson. May, T. (2011) Social Research: Issues, Methods and Processes (4th Edition). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Neuman, W.L. (2010). Social Research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches (7th Edition). London: Pearson. Stillwell, P. (2010) Ethnicity and integration. Edited by John Stillwell and Maarten Van Ham. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. Callanan, V. J. (2012). Media consumption, perceptions of crime risk and fear of crime: Examining race/ethnic differences.Sociological Perspectives,55(1), 93-115. Kohm, S. A., Waid-Lindberg, C. A., Weinrath, M., Shelley, T. O. C., Dobbs, R. R. (2012). The Impact of Media on Fear of Crime among University Students: A Cross-National Comparison 1.Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice,54(1), 67-100. Callanan, V., Rosenberger, J. S. (2015). Media, Gender, and Fear of Crime.Criminal Justice Review,40(3), 322-339. Weitzer, R., Kubrin, C. E. (2004). Breaking news: How local TV news and real-world conditions affect fear of crime.Justice Quarterly,21(3), 497-520. Rosenstiel, T., Mitchell, A. (2011). How mainstream media outlets use Twitter. Washington, DC: Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved June 11, 2012. Butler, B. (2011). NABJ Diversity Census: An Examination of Television Newsroom Management. National Association of Black Journalists. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
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